1991 The START treaty is signed, signifying further reductions in nuclear arms. Iraq invades Kuwait and begins the Gulf War. A missile defense system proves to be partially successful. Communism falls across Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union is replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.). 1992 The START treaty is ratified by the Senate. Kazakhtan, Ukraine, and Belarus agree in principle to the START treaty. 1994 Several attempts to smuggle nuclear material from C.I.S. are stopped. Secret nuclear testing on humans is revealed by both the US and C.I.S. North Korea is suspected to be building nuclear weapons, they threaten to withdraw from the IAEA. Global pressure resolves the crisis. U.S. and Russian agree to retarget their strategic nuclear weapons from each other’s soil.